Citations

Nguyen-Ngoc, H., Nguyen, T.-L., Nguyen-Huong, L., Pham, G. N., Pham-Ha-Thanh, T., Nguyen, T.-L., Tran-Thi-Thanh, H., & Nguyen-Thi-Thanh, T. (2026). 2-oxotetrahydroquinoline derivatives from Abelmoschus sagittifolius flowers. Natural Product Research, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2026.2683917( Nguyen-Ngoc et al., 2026 )

And a numeric citation: [ Amiri, M., Navabi, J., Shokoohinia, Y., Heydarpour, F., Bahrami, G., Behbood, L., Derakhshandeh, P., Momtaz, S., & Farzaei, M. H. (2019). Efficacy and safety of a standardized extract from Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized double blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 45, 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.05.001 2 ]

And with groups [ Cui, J., Eneroth, P., & Bruhn, J. G. (1999). Gynostemma pentaphyllum: identification of major sapogenins and differentiation from Panax species. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(3), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(99)00013-5 3 , Dandan, Y., Jingting, Z., Minzhe, W., Zhuoyue, C., & Xinyun, L. (2025). The Therapeutic Effects of Acorus Tatarinowii Volatile Oil and Electroacupuncture in Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment Patients: A Clinical Trial Protocol. Brain and Behavior, 15(7), e70631. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70631 4 ]

Testing real-time changes for events emmited by obsidian.

Let’s see how the live preview does with a constant stream of input. Like if I was to really write something Cui, J., Eneroth, P., & Bruhn, J. G. (1999). Gynostemma pentaphyllum: identification of major sapogenins and differentiation from Panax species. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(3), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(99)00013-5( Cui et al., 1999 ). Is the image still visible? Are transclusions going to work? Are they? Neah. Or will they? Will they?!

Chapter 1 - Plants in medicine: the origins of pharmacognosy

• Western medicine has origins in Mesopotamia and Egypt
• the Unani (Islamic) and Ayurvedic (Hindu) systems are centered in western Asia and the Indian subcontinent
• the Chinese, Japanese, and others in the Orient.

• following oral transmission of medical information, came the use of writing, and some of the oldest herbal medicine “documents”:
  • the Egyptian Papyrus Ebers c. 1600 BC
  • baked clay tablets - some 600 cuneiform tablets c. 650 BC from Ashurbanipal’s library at Nineveh (can be seen at the British Museum) refer to drugs used today.
  • Chinese medicinal plants have been documented in texts from the 4th century BC
  • Ayurvedic medicine (Ayurveda 2500-600 BC)
  • Unani medicine - Kitab-Al-Shifa, the magnum opus of Avicenna 980-1037 AD.
• they were followed by 1440 AD and onwards parchments, manuscripts, pharmacopoeias, printed herbals, and so forth.
• a great wealth of knowledge in tribal societies is still transmitted orally across generations in the tribal societies of tropical Africa, North and South America, and the Pacific countries.
• These areas of the world contain the world’s largest number of plant species, not found elsewhere. With the westernization of many of the peoples of these zones there is a danger of losing local knowledge. [p. 3]
• Furthermore, there is an alarming rate of plant species extermination in certain regions, even before there’s been a chance to record them, much less study their medicinal properties and constituents. There must be increased efforts towards the conservation of plant gene pools, as well as responsible harvesting or controlled cultivation of such plants specifically for medicine production.[p. 3]
• when plant-derived medicine becomes popular, there is a risk of extinction for the species of interest. Historical examples include anticancer drugs such as those derived from Taxus, Podophyllum, and Ochrosia spp. Local wild sources can soon become exhausted - such as it happened with Catharanthus roseus, Coleus forskohlii, Gingko biloba, Arnica montana, and Taxus brevifolia. The native source of Leucojum aestivum was endangered due to the demand for the drug galanthamine used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [p. 4].

Chapter 2 - The scope and practice of pharmacognosy

• until recently, pharmacognosy was regarded as a subject in the pharmaceutical curriculum focused on natural products employed in allopathic contemporary conventional medicine.

• many crude drugs used in traditional systems of medicine are well studied today using chromatographic, chemical and physical tests, and in some cases clinical trials.
• the marketing efforts for and incresing demand for Chinese and other Asian traditional medicines stimulate further research as there is a need for quality controls.

• pharmacognosy, despite primarily focusing on plant material, can also cover a small number of animal products that are traditionally used across the world such as beeswax, gelatin, woolfat, vitamins, as well as marine organisms, both plant and animal, natural fibers, flavoring and suspending agents, colorants, disintegrants, stabilizers, filtering and support media.
• related areas with natural associations with pharmacognosy are poisonous and hallucinogenic organisms, allergens, herbicides, insecticides, and molluscicides.

Chapter 3 - Plant nomenclature and taxonomy